Positions of Blacks in the Civil War and Emancipation Essay

â€Å"Once let the black man get upon his person the brass letters, U.S., let him get an eagle on his button, and a musket on his shoulder and bullets in his pockets, and there is no power on earth which can deny that he has earned the right to citizenship in the United States. The quote mentioned above was proclaimed by African American abolitionist Frederick Douglass, and served as motivation for African Americans to enlist in the Union’s Army efforts and take an initiative in their future. With President Abraham Lincolns issue of his Preliminary draft of the Emancipation Proclamation in 1862, the Civil War developed to be a war to ultimately save the union and to abolish slavery. Blacks overall played a substantial part in the victory of†¦show more content†¦The Republican Party prepared an anti-slavery proposal but Lincoln had no true intention of interfering with slavery as a whole and believed slavery was a state issue and every state should control its own loy alties to it. But as far as expansion, â€Å"Lincoln was ready to negotiate on every aspect of slavery except the idea of permitting expansion of slavery to new territory†, 1 and many southerners felt that there was no longer a place for them in the Union. In December of 1860, South Carolina became the first state to seceded from the union and create their own country. â€Å"In six months, ten more states would secede from the Union (Mississippi, Georgia, Tennessee, Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, Texas, North Carolina, Virginia, and Arkansas)† 2 and February 9th of 1861, utterly marked the organization of the unions counterpart, the Confederate States of America, commanded by Jefferson Davis who served as the president. During this time African Americans served as an underlying issue to the civil war but personally there seemed to be little apprehension about their actual development and progression in society. Initially, Negroes’ attitudes and contributions to the Civil War and their desire for freedom were major factors in their struggle with white America. Obviously, there were various circumstances that described African American lifestyles; being broken down to North vs. South or Freed slaves vs. Slaves, but the mainShow MoreRelatedBenefits Of The Black Union Army1481 Words   |  6 PagesBenefits of the Black Union Army-Did Blacks Receive Equal Treatment? Introduction The black union army is a term commonly used to refer to the black men of African American origin who were mostly recruited into the American army as a consequence of the civil war between the northern and southern states. This war came to an end with the surrender of the nonfederal forces in 1865, after a fierce battle that had started three years prior with the firing on Fort Sumter. As a result racial of discriminationRead MoreIn What Way the African Americans Shaped the Course and Consequences of the Civil War? Confine Your Answer to the Years from 1861 and 1870.1038 Words   |  5 PagesIn what way the African Americans shaped the course and consequences of the Civil War? Confine your answer to the years from 1861 and 1870. Immediately after the election and inauguration of Abraham Lincoln, the newly-established Republican Party’s presidential nominee, eleven states of the South seceded from the Union. These events marked the beginning of the Civil War and the war was a result of many political tensions that had emerged between the North and the South in the prior decades, allRead MoreEconomic Anxiety And The Issue With Emancipation Essay1706 Words   |  7 PagesEconomic Anxiety and the Issue with Emancipation Newspapers circulated within Franklin County operated as the perfect forum for the abundance of motivations and ideas when it came to race relations leading up to the civil war. Economic, religious, and political justifications for slavery dominated much of the newspapers discussion, arriving from a wide array of viewpoints and sources. Franklin county’s newspaper before the civil war served as a forum of discussion for the quickly changing everydayRead MoreFrederick Douglass : An Unfortunate Time1697 Words   |  7 Pagesaround him. After years of physical and psychological abuse, Douglass escaped from his owner, however it was not until the third time he actually succeeded. He was only successful because he wore a seaman uniform and carried the free papers of that black man. This lead him to New York, where he stayed with abolitionist David Ruggles. After attending abolitionist meetings, Douglass wrote his autobiography, Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass, which wa s the best selling novel at in 1845. DouglassRead MoreThe Emancipation Proclamation And Its Consequences1688 Words   |  7 PagesThe Emancipation Proclamation And Its Consequences During his election campaign and throughout the early years of the Civil War, Lincoln vehemently denied the rumour that he would mount an attack on slavery. At the outbreak of fighting, he pledged to restore the Union, but accept slavery where it existed , with Congress supporting his position via the Crittendon-Johnson Resolutions. However, during 1862 Lincoln was persuaded for a number of reasons that Negro emancipation as a war measureRead MoreAbraham Lincolns Accomplishments During his Presidency Essays532 Words   |  3 PagesNot only is he one of the most prominent leaders of the Civil War but an early influence and catalyst on the later Civil Rights Movement. Abe Lincoln accomplished many things during the civil war. Abe Lincoln was a great leader and president. He ended slavery in the U.S. during his time period. During the year 1860, slavery was one of the biggest problems in america. Abe Lincoln, president at the time, was against slavery. During the civil war Abe was referred to as â€Å"The Great Emancipator† (NationalRead MoreThe Great Emancipator By President Abraham Lincoln947 Words   |  4 Pagesoffice, President Abraham Lincoln led the country through the Civil War, he is most known as being responsible for the abolishing of slavery through the Emancipation Proclamation, thus giving him the nickname of â€Å"The Great Emancipator.† Technically speaking, the Emancipation Declaration did not actually abolish slavery in itself, rather it led to the 13th Amendment, which did end slavery in January of 1865. 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In the early 19th century there were several forces that opposed slavery, both in the North and the South, they usedRead MoreThe Great Emancipator : Abraham Lincoln894 Words   |  4 Pagescountry through one of the worst wars in the history of America, he is most known for abolishing slavery through the Emancipation Proclamation, thus giving him the nickname of â€Å"The Great Emancipator.† There are a great amount of debates on whether Lincoln was worthy of this title, one reason being that the Emancipation Declaration was limited and did not abolish slavery, the 13th Amendment abolished slavery, which would come later in January of 1865. As the Civil War was going on, Lincoln needed toRead MoreWho Freed the Slaves871 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Who Freed the Slaves The long standing question of â€Å"who freed the slaves† has been under debate since the conclusion of the Civil War. One side of the argument takes the more obvious claim that emancipation came at the hand of the great Abraham Lincoln. The other side of the argument claims that the Slaves themselves attained their freedom. Both sides have been heavily researched and strongly supported with many facts. Do we give credit to one person for generating the political backing and

The Psychology behind Bullying in Adolescents Essay

Bullying by definition is a form of aggressive behavior in which someone intentionally and repeatedly causes another person injury or discomfort. Bullying can take the form of physical contact, words or more subtle actions. [Why] Bullying has grown new outlets over the last decade. With social media outlets and text messaging added to the game, bullying is not just about getting tormented face to face anymore. Cyber bullying can include sending out mean or threatening emails and instant messages about a person, spreading rumors about someone and also include photos that a person would consider to be humiliating. [Chamberlin] Bullying can have many outlets. The most common form of bullying is still face to face confrontation. But†¦show more content†¦Another possibility is implied that a person may resort to bullying due to issues in their own home which are unhealthy. Maybe a lack of love, kindness, or attention causes a person to lash out at others as an outlet for their pain. A need for attention could be a contributor to this type of negative behavior. Perhaps a person acts out via bullying because it gets them noticed as opposed to being civil or polite. A person may act out due to failure towards academic achievement or some other goal that the bully may find value in. [Why] A bully may act as such when in certain situations where value is not placed on how people treat one another. When people fail to address a bully’s behavior as inappropriate, this manner continues and often progresses negatively over time. When someone attempts to imagine how a bully views their actions, one may wonder if the bully feels guilt or remorse over their actions. Leon Festinger, a social psychologist, suggested a theory. This theory is called cognitive dissonance. [Robertson] This theory suggests that humans are very inclined to be consistent in all areas of our life. Therefore, when a bully begins Elizondo Page 5 attacking a victim, they continue this pattern justifying their actions as they go. The bully convinces himself that they are not a bad person, so therefore the person being bullied must deserve this treatment. The person tells themselves that theyShow MoreRelatedCyber Bullying: A Study of Long Term Effects on Adolescent Cyber Bullying1561 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction: Cyber bullying is a topic that has been researched many times. As technology changes, it is important that research is kept up to date on how victimization can affect present and future psychosocial adjustment issues. Cyber bullying is defined as victimization that intends to harm another through electronic means, where individuals can harm without physical interaction. (Tokunaga, 2010). Cyber bullying requires little planning and there is little chance of being caught. It is importantRead MoreCan Witnessing or Experiencing Domestic Violence Be Linked to Bullying in Adolescents?1632 Words   |  7 Pageschildren have committed suicide because they can’t take the hurt of a bully any longer. It is so sad to think about and I cannot put into words how my heart weeps for those people! It’s sickening for me to even think about. But to understand the people behind these instances we have to look at what each of these things are. According to Richard L Davis, â€Å"Under the US statutory law concerning domestic violence, it is generally defined as child, sibling, dating, intimate partner, spousal or elder abuseRead MoreEfforts to Fight Cyber Bullying1182 Words   |  5 Pagescommit suicide and live lifestyles that are indulged in depression. Cyber bullying is a fairly new type of violence and this is why it is so hard to counter. One of the most prominent forms of counter-cyber bullying that the United States implements is through legislations, which have resulted in mixed results. Psychologist and Sociologist agree that the negative reinforcement approach doesn’t really teach the adolescents the affects that it has on the victims and why it is wrong (Kanazawa). TheRead More The Dangers of Social Media Essay908 Words   |  4 Pageshaven behind a computer screen. Here, they feel that they can be whoever they want to be and say whatever they want to say. While this can have some benefits, the cons outweigh the pros. It is no coincidence that in the last five decades, suicide rates have increased by 60% around the world (World Health Organization). It is likely that technology and social media have influenced this number, especially just within the last 10 years. Bullying is a major cause of suicide. Often times, bullying can beRead MoreThe Long Term Effects of Bullying Among Teenagers769 Words   |  3 Pagesother career field, when it comes to finding the reasoning behind an issue and or a prevention and intervention plan for major issues, such as bullying, that are affecting individuals and the society, it is important that theoretical frameworks are used. According to the 2010 statistics, with bullying becoming a rapidly growing issue and concern affecting both youth and adults, the crime of bullying will not be going away anytime soon. Bullying is performed in several different forms ranging from physicallyRead MoreThe Relationship Between Bullying And Peer Relationship1596 Words   |  7 PagesThe Relationship Between Bullying and Peer Relationship In Middle Childhood Bullying is an unfortunate issue that many children face every day. When people think about bullying many imagine something like this; one child yelling at another to get his or her attention. Also, another scenario would be a child being bullied for their lunch or lunch money. However, today’s bullying issues have become much more severe. Unfortunately, today’s bullying antics could easily lead to physical and psychologicalRead MoreAsperger Syndrome : A Neurological Disorder Associated With Autism1341 Words   |  6 Pagesvictims of bullying. Asperger syndrome:In criminal law, assault may refer to a verbal threat of violence, whereas battery refers to the actual violence. Most jurisdictions in the United States define assault as an attempt to cause, or actually causing, bodily injury. Some states expand this definition to include an attempt to menace someone by putting a person in fear of imminent injury. Assault is also defined as unwanted physical contact or unwanted sexual advances. Bullying: In generalRead MoreThe Effects of Bullying on Childhood Development 906 Words   |  4 PagesBullying is everywhere; it takes place in the home, office, cyberspace and schools; bullying is especially common in schools. Schools are supposed to be a haven for children to learn and build educational and social skills. However, the ill effects of bullying are disrupting children’s education, social skills, and lives. According to a youth risk and behavior survey (2011), approximately 20% of students in grades nine through twelve have been bullied (Heintz 1). Bullying was once thought as aRead MoreBullying And School System Are No Secret Essay1502 Words   |  7 PagesHannah Swan EdSE 620 Research paper 9/25/16 Bullying and Aggression in Schools Bullying and aggressive behavior in the school system are no secret. Many people have encountered a bully, or have been a bully at some point in their lives. 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Role of Information System in HRM

Question: Discuss about the Role of Information System in HRM. Answer: Introduction Human resources management simply refers to the management of people in organizations. It entails the activities, practices, and policies that all link up to retaining the appropriate number of employees to accomplish the organizations objectives. The three main HRM activities that exist in any business function include; acquiring, maintaining and developing human resources The aim of HRM in any organization is to manage employees input to obtain optimal productivity and effectiveness. Moreover, with the changing business environment globally, Human resource managers will need to be aware that change in technology will not only have an impact on how they manage talent acquisition but also on the productivity of the organization (Shiri, 2012). Human Resource Information System (HRIS) HRIS can be described as an integrated system use to gather, analyze and store information regarding an organizations human resources. In other words, HRIS is a point of intersection between HRM and Information technology. This system allows human resource managers to acquire, store analyze and distribute information in an efficient and friendly manner (Shiri,2012) Relationship Between HRM and HRIS Looking at the literature above, it is evident that HRIS serves as a database that makes it possible to store manage, manipulate, deliver and present data for human resources. As a result, an efficient HRIS must allow for the integration and assimilation of HR policies and procedures with an organizations computer hardware and software applications. For instance, a manufacturing company is planning to run a promotion of their products. The HRM team can, therefore, work on promotion strategy whereby the promotion expenditure is not to exceed 6 percent of the salary. This can be easy for a company where HRIS has been integrated into their system. Only they would need it to program this strategy into the system and thus errors could be flagged within the system when they occur (Enfield, et al, 2011) An integrated HRIS contains a database that can be shared by all human resource functions. This means all human resource activities that form the human resource management can be managed from a central point. Kaplan and Norton (2013) note that integration of information systems into the HRM has simplified the task of going through large amounts of data, especially by the talent acquisition team. The advancement and use of information system have also impacted on payroll processing, and records keeping as firms have moved from manual book keeping to use of databases that can archive large volumes of data which can be retrieved at greater ease. Use of Information Systems in HRM has transformed how this organizations approach issues to deal with employees retention and acquisition, business processes and productivity. Amy (2010), notes that the concept of Human Resource Management System is a powerful tool that organizations can adopt to manipulate the performance and behavior of employees to achieve business success. Moreover there has been a paradigm shift from the use of HRM as a tool to lead the organization to achieve competitive advantage to a body that controls the operations of the entire organization. As a result, the introduction of Information system into HRM has been welcomed by local and international organizations. For instance, a global company like Coca-cola has fully integrated information system into its HRM processes, and this had led to greater productivity and ease of operation in its different chains across the globe (Goulden, 2011). Due to this paradigm shift, Sameni Khoshalhan (2006) note that Human resource processes should be tailored in such a way that they are in harmony with the organization's strategic objectives. Also, this strategy should be focused on creating a strategic IT plan that will eventually translate into an appropriate HRIS strategic plan that would push the organization to greater productivity. Application of HRIS Information system has its footprints in almost every branch of HRM. Examples of some of the major areas where it is being used in human resource include; Electronic employee profile; This is a web application that provides a centralized database where all employee information come be retrieved and archived for future use. Managing of employee profile usually lies with the manager, the employee and the human resource team. Electronic recruitment; This is an online recruitment tool that helps the human resource acquire talents with ease and friendly manner. These web-based tools allow organizations to attract a stronger and diverse pool of applicants. Today many organizations have shifted their focus to the internet to search for candidates to join their team. This is because the internet offers a wide pool to both employers and those looking for jobs due to the existence of many recruiting websites at their disposal (Herman, Shalaby Bundgen, 2010). Electronic learning; E- learning is a powerful tool that has to enable employers to train and empower their employees in the easiest way possible. This tool comes with virtual classrooms, computer-based learning and other learning materials that make learning interactive. One major advantage to E-learning to the organization is that it reduces the cost of training employees considerably. It also increases employee flexibility due to the existence of virtual classroom thus staff can be trained from an offsite location. The tool also offers better tracking and management of staff training (Hedman Henningsson,2011). Conclusion. In summary, HRIS is a modern method of implementing human resource strategies and policies through the use of IT and web-based technology An analysis of the above literature reveals that Human resource information system is not just a tool used my Human resource managers to make their work easier, but this is an advanced business solution that provides futures solutions to todays HRM challenges. This is because of its ability to provide real-time support in the management of all organizational activities and information needed to manage Human Resource in these organizations. It is an efficient and user-friendly tool which makes it accessible to different users within the organization. Also, integration of HRIS is the best way to go for modern companies since it covers all tenets of HRM like administration, personnel, training, education, talent acquisition and career development of employees. References Amy, L. (2010). Improving your organization with the integrity HR audit. Retrieved from:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WhWDWgy27M0Enfield J., Myers R. D., Lara M. and Frick T. W. (2011). Innovations diffusion: Assessment of strategies within then diffusion and simulation game. Simulation and gaming, 20 (10), 1-27. Goulden, B. (2011). Managing human capital in the ICT sector in Africa challenges and solutions .Retrieved from:https://pygmaconsulting.com/Managing%20Human%20Capital%203-11%20elec.pdf Hedman J. Henningsson S. (2011). Three strategies for green IT. IT Professionals: IEEEcomputer society, 13(1), 54-57. Herman H., Shalaby B. R., Bundgen R. (2010). The greeing of Business.Frankfurt: Am Main:International GmgH. Kaplan, R. S., Norton, D. P. (2008). Execution premium.Harvard Business PressSameni M. K. Khoshalhan F. . (July 2006). Analysis of Human Resource Development for Information Technology and E-Commerce in Iran. Technology Management for the Global Future (pp. (3) 1186-1202). IEEE: PICMET 2006 (ISBN: 1-890843-14-8) Shiri, S.(2012) Strategic Role of HR Audit in Organizational Effectiveness. Journal ofManagement Public Policy Vol. 3, No. 2, June 2012,pp. 39-45ISSN (Print): 0976-013X ISSN (Online): 0976-0148. Shiri, S.(2012) Effectiveness of Human Resource Information System on HR Functions of theOrganization A Cross Sectional Study. US-China Education Review A 9 (2012) 830-839

Research Paper on The Evolution of Sexuality Essay Example

Research Paper on The Evolution of Sexuality Essay Introduction There are certain contentious topics in society – such as such as religion, politics, violence, and sexuality – which have always been at the center of a heated debate. They become even more contentious when represented artistically. There is a widespread notion that art should give rise to strong emotions in the observer; in other words, art should shock and provoke. While there is no universal agreement among artists and critics on this issue, perhaps majority of them would subscribe to the above statement. There is a famous saying by Vladimir Mayakovsky, a prominent Russian futurist, that art is not a mirror to reflect the world, but a hammer with which to shape it. The views on acceptability of sexuality in art have changed many times in human history. Sexuality and nudity have been talked about as anything from assault on public morality to the apogee of high culture (Smith, 1997). The topic of sexuality is intimately interconnected with a host of other socially significant issues, such as procreation, relations between a man and a woman, and, ultimately, gendered power. Therefore, changes in attitudes to artistic representation of sexuality merit scholarly attention. This research paper will explore these changes as they took place in visual art throughout history. Early Representations of Sexuality Exploring early representations of sexuality in pictorial art makes sense within two different traditions, namely the ancient (or classical) and Christian tradition. As Doran (2008) informs, â€Å"our primary sources for nudity in public art have been Greco-Roman mythology and Judeo-Christian traditions† (para. 1). Before looking into these two traditions, however, it is necessary to clarify the definition of the subject matter of this paper. Where to draw the line between nakedness and nudity has been the preoccupation of artists and critics for centuries, since it served as the basis for classification of art as high (and therefore acceptable, adored, and valued) or pornographic. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on The Evolution of Sexuality specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on The Evolution of Sexuality specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on The Evolution of Sexuality specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Nakedness, i.e. absence of clothes on the figure that is being represented, can border on vulgarity; this is the case when an individual body is depicted. Indecent pictures of naked bodies which are meant for sexual arousal – the basic definition of pornography – always imply imagining a particular body, a body with which sexual intercourse is possible. On the other hand, nudity, as defined in classic art, is a portrayal of abstract, ideal human form, hence the widespread usage of transparent drapes, or draperie mouillee, which were added â€Å"to offset the form and contours of the figure† (Smith, 1997, p. 4). Another technique artists used to distinguish their work from pornography was to place a naked body in an appropriately general context: models were portrayed posing for the artist in his studio, which was deemed to be a desexualized activity serving the higher purpose of art. Depiction of naked or semi-naked figures was only acceptable â€Å"if the body was transformed into a formalized and generalized sign: the nude† (Smith, 1997, p. 7). Ancient Tradition Starting with the ancient tradition, it is necessary to note that public nudity was accepted in Greece whenever practical and appropriate, for instance, during dancing, working, or exercising, and this fact has found its reflection in the art of those times. As Papalas (cited in Goodson, 1991) notes, archaeologists have found many vases portraying naked performers at festivals and laborers in the fields. Moreover, ancient Greeks believed that humans should strive towards becoming God-like both in terms of physical and intellectual development, therefore they valued artistic portrayals of healthy and well-trained bodies, whether nude or not. The term â€Å"heroic nudity† was coined to refer to representations of naked semi-gods and heroes in sculpture and pictorial art. However, Hurwit (2007) argues that heroic nudity was only one among many approaches to portraying the naked in ancient Greece: there was also a nudity of differentiation, a nudity of youth, â€Å"democratic nud ity,† a nudity of status or class, and a nudity of vulnerability and defeat (pathetic nudity). Hurwit (2007) came to this conclusion after analyzing Dexileos stele, set above a cenotaph or heroon built for a young horseman killed in the Corinthian War, which depicts defeated enemy as naked, while the horseman has his clothing on. However, it is not always the case in the classical tradition that vanquished enemy is portrayed naked as a symbol of his impotency. Vernon (2001) draws attention to the fact that St. Sebastian, the Roman martyr shot with arrows, â€Å"is depicted without clothes to show his perfection in death – even at the risk of his image appearing homoerotic† (para. 7). Christian Tradition of Sexuality Christian art also deserves a close look in terms of prevalence of sexual themes and messages. However, deciphering those messages requires an in-depth knowledge of Christian theology and history of religion. This paper will only discuss several theories and examples of the nude in Christian visual art. For instance, Steinberg (1997) argues that deliberate exposure of baby Christ’s genitalia on numerous icons is an affirmation of the Lord’s son kinship with the human condition. Moreover, surrounding figures on many paintings attract the viewer’s attention to genitalia of Jesus by implicitly or explicitly pointing at them. As for artistic representations of Christ in adulthood, an important change has occurred in the 13th century under the influence of different theories of the original sin. Before those times, the prevailing mindset was that Adam and Eve were sexless at the beginning and endowed with procreative organs only after they sinned. Consequently, they became ashamed of their genitalia and covered themselves. Since Jesus was not subject to the original sin, he was frequently portrayed as a sexless being; absence of genitalia meant he did not have anything to be ashamed of. However, St. Augustine proposed that Adam and Eve were created with procreative organs, which were removed from their conscious control after they sinned. In this context, it is interesting to analyze why many depictions of crucified Jesus show him covered with loincloth yet with a clearly visible erection. Apart from the obvious association of the phallic symbol with power, there are two alternative explanations. In the pr e-Christian mythology, a link existed between erection and resurrection, therefore Jesus’ erect phallus can be seen as a premonition of what happens three days after. Portrayals of Jesus on the crucifix having an erection were â€Å"to show the potency of the new creation that is to be found in the Christ† (Vernon, 2001, para. 7). Another explanation is linked to the conception of the original sin introduced by St. Augustine. Adult Jesus has never been painting with an erection – it only happens either in infancy or after his death. Thus, Jesus’ being in full control of his member during the mature age points to him not being subject to the original sin (Steinberg, 1997). It is not only Jesus whose disrobed body is symbolic of power and virtue rather than shame and decay: Doran (2008) argues that â€Å"from specifically Christian scriptures and traditions, we are presented with the unclothed bodies of martyrs (like St. Bartholomew) and ascetics (like St. Jerome)† (para. 4). Here, we speak of a particular kind of power – moral power stemming from purity and martyrdom rather than actual power. For centuries, â€Å"the oppressed, the tyrannized, the unjustly treated have time and again identified with, and found strength to endure/resist, in portrayals of that naked God-man on the cross† (Doran, 2008, para. 8). It is important to qualify the above statement: it applies only to depictions of naked saints and Jesus himself. When mortals are portrayed nude, the painting acquires completely different connotations, those of downfall, suffering and awareness of one’s own imperfection. As Margaret Walters (1978) notes, â€Å"in Christian art, the naked body is a symbol not of pride but of pathos. To be naked is to be vulnerable, sexually self-conscious and guilty† (p. 66). It is also interesting to note that while portrayals of naked Jesus and other male saints were widespread, there are virtually no depictions of female nudity in Christian art. As Doran (2008) reminds, â€Å"when men do show up naked in Christian imagery, they have been known to facilitate spiritual and ethical ends† (para. 8). At the same time, few and far between depictions of females figures usually are with garments on. Doran (2008) concludes that â€Å"along with representations of a fully-clothed Mary (the mother of Jesus) portrayals of naked men dominate Christian art† (para. 2). The only exception is portrayal of Virgin Mary with her breasts uncovered during feeding of Jesus. It is possible to explain tolerance towards this theme by the appropriateness of the context in which Mary’s breasts are reveled and by her desexualization and elevation from the status of a woman (and thus potentially a sexual object) to mother. Renaissance and the Victorian Era Renaissance udity was a prominent theme in Renaissance art. Since religious influence was strong during that period, artists were guided by â€Å"the belief that the human form is the crowning achievement of God in Creation – worthy of our expert knowledge, and analogous to the scientific knowledge of the human body in medicine and biology† (Gordon College, 2010, â€Å"Rationale†, para. 1). However, it necessary to emphasize that the difference between nudity and nakedness discussed earlier was very important for painters of the period. Nudity was believed to be appropriate and devoid of sexual connotations only if nakedness was a natural condition of the figures represented. As a consequence, portrayal of naked female body was usually done in the form of a goddess, most frequently Venus. Renaissance art aimed at following in the footsteps of great masters of the past, especially Greek and Roman sculptors, therefore depiction of naked body was frequent in the art of that per iod. As Haber (2003) notes, â€Å"the discovery, way back in 1506, of Laocoon, the frenetic Roman statuary, had set a challenge to High Renaissance sculpture and an inspiration to Mannerism† (â€Å"Virtue and bare flesh†, para. 1). At the same time, the views of the Church on the appropriateness of nudity in art have changed dramatically. Nakedness was no longer associated with holiness and purity bur rather with earthy temptations and prurient thoughts. A campaign to cover private parts of Gods and heroes in classical sculptures and paintings of the past with a fig leaf started after â€Å"the Roman Catholic Church’s Council of Trent ordered public works to be amended to hide nudity in the 16th century† (Gargulinski, 2010, â€Å"Art†). The choice of the fig leaf was not incidental, since according to Biblical mythology, Adam and Eve used fig leaves to cover themselves after sinning and becoming aware and ashamed of their bodies: â€Å"And the eyes of them both were opened, and they knew that they were naked; and they sewed fig leaves together and made themselves aprons† (Genesis 3:7; cited in Gargulinski, 2010, â€Å"Bible†). Initially, some Greek and Roman sculptors used fig leaves to cover genitalia of their figures, while others did not, and the Church has done it instead. Later on, some fig leaves were removed, yet it was impossible to return some paintings and sculptures their original form without damaging them. Apart from fears about possible damage to artworks, there is another controversy associated with fig leaves which are removed upon excavation along with the grime, dirt and oils that have built up over the years. As Gargulinski (2010) informs, â€Å"while this renovates the works into their originally intended condition, it is also stirring up controversy among scholars who say the fig leaves are part of the works’ histories† (â€Å"Controversy†). The Church’s crusade against nudity in art was connected to the fact that during Renaissance times, a great portion of artworks were commissioned by the Church and were meant for display in places of religious observance. Fears have arisen about presence of nudity in such places, given â€Å"not just that the faithful might be disturbed in their worship, but that certain individuals might actually recognise a beautiful angel in a fresco as that young model who lived around the corner† (Vernon, 2001, para. 2). The Victorian Age During the Victorian age, attitudes to permissibility of painting nude body were ambivalent at best. Even the most fervent defenders of morality acknowledged that human body was the perfect form which was to be represented in high art. As Smith (1997) writes, â€Å"on one hand, the nude embodied the ideal, the highest point of pictorial artist’s practice; on the other, it was viewed as an active incitement to unregulated sexual activity† (pp. 1-2). Several periods can be distinguished in the history of the Victorian England according to their attitudes to the nude: early experimentation with nudity in pictorial art lasted till the 1850s, after which a decline occurred, yet artistic interest to the naked figure resurged dramatically in the 1860s and attracted a wave of indignation from some members of the public. The resurgence occurred under the influence of French Salon painting; moreover, some artists with an interest in depicting the nude were claiming to follow in the footsteps of the Old Masters of the Renaissance period. It was roughly around that time that a link between portrayals of nudity and artistic excellence was established. Human body was regarded as one of the most sophisticated natural objects, and artists capable of rendering it in a realistic manner were thought of as able to draw or sculpt anything. It was frequently the case that painters depicted the naked figure in a way that the figure’s hands or other body parts covered genitalia. It is also necessary to note that depiction of women’s breasts was considered more acceptable in the academic art of the period than portrayal of male or female genitalia. Naked female body in general was considered more appropriate than male during the Renaissance and Victorian periods. However, many figures – especially female figures – were depicted from the back to prevent exposure. As Kenneth Clark (1972) writes his classic work The Nude: A Study in Ideal Form, â€Å"it might be argued that the back view of the female body is more satisfactory than the front† (p. 150). Nudity of children was more accepted than representations of adults without clothing. Recalling the discussion of sin and shame in the section on early representations of sexuality in religious art, it should hardly elicit surprise. Since nakedness was considered inappropriate only if associated with feelings of shame stemming from awareness of gender-specific peculiarities of one’s body, children were believed to be ignorant of potential sexual implications of their nakedness, they were still in the state of blessed innocence, and many artists felt free to depict child nudity even when they did not dare paint naked adult figures. Child nudity or desexualized nakedness of female figures was meant to point to purity and morality rather than promiscuity: the nude â€Å"offers scenes of the model in the studio, emblem of art’s cool eye in search of perfection – and hands-off respect for a woman’s virtue† (Haber, 2003, â€Å"The gloves are off†, para. 3). The fact that nudity was associated with morality in the Victorian era can be explained by one important factor, the primacy of the visual. Galleries’ attendees could only gaze at naked figures in sculpture and on canvas, while touch as another sense for experiencing human body was ruled out by the entire situation. The primacy of the visual originates from the fact that first Renaissance artists and then their Victorian followers have been inspired by classical Greek and Roman sculpture. Materials sculptors were working with, marble and rock, were discouraging touching; they were pleasing visually but repulsively cold when pressed against the body surface (Haber, 2003). As a consequence, the dissociation of art from touch was commonly accepted well into the 20th century, and therefore it allowed for greater freedom in acceptable representations of nudity. Referring back to the difference between the nude and naked, the appropriate and pornographic, it is necessary to specify that the above discussion applies only to the so-called high art, which emphasized abstract representation of the undressed figure. At the same time, there existed many pictures of less innocent character for private display and consumption during both Renaissance and Victorian era; however, they were banished from the public arena because of their provocative nature (Smith, 1997). Sexuality in Avant-Garde and Contemporary Art Modernism has challenged established conventions of academic art and broadened the conception of what is acceptable both in art and the public sphere in general. As Rimanelli (2005) informs, â€Å"it has often been asserted that Modernism begins with Manet, in particular with those paintings wherein the vexations of the unclothed female body burst forth with a power of disquietude that appalled the public: Le Dejeuner sur l’herbe (1863) and Olympia (1863)† (para. 1). Other avant-garde artistic movements that emerged in the 19th and 20th centuries were equally preoccupied with liberation of art and life from oppressive traditions and morals. Walters (1978) comments on expressionist views on naked figure in the following way: â€Å"The Expressionists often saw themselves as free spirits, getting back to nature, back to more instinctive levels of the personality. They would, by main force if necessary, break down bourgeois hypocrisy and sexual repression. And the image which proved their freedom from convention, their artistic and sexual virility, was the female nude† (p. 315). The portrayal of both female and male nude received special attention after the sexual revolution of the 1960s, when artists started to look for new ways of experiencing and expressing sexuality. One of the major developments was the tendency among female artists to paint naked figures of their own or opposite gender. For centuries, painting nude was deemed inappropriate for females, despite the fact that several talented and successful women dared paint disrobed bodies in the 19th and early 20th century (Walters, 1978). It has been mentioned before that female nudity was accepted more than male in all traditions except for the Christian one. It has also been established in the introductory section of this paper that studying representations of nudity and sexuality is important in light of their role for power relations between genders. In the decades following the 1960s, female artists often depicted naked male body provocatively and programmatically. Walters (1978) cites the examples of Anita Steckel who formed the Fight Censorship group in 1973 â€Å"protesting the double standard of museum authorities, only allowing the male nude if decently fig-leafed, while the most blatantly sexual female nude is considered permissible art† (p. 316) and Marion Pinto who called one of her exhibitions â€Å"Man as Sex Object†. Sexuality Case Studies This section will discuss two works of art which caused heated discussion about representation of sexuality in art in their respective times. Because of crossing the line between nudity and nakedness, the paintings discussed below attracted indignation from art critics and the public when they appeared. The paintings discussed in this section will be Manet’s Olympia and Courbet’s Origin of the World.It has been mentioned above that Manet’s paintings are sometimes regarded as marking the beginning of modernity, and nakedness of the artist’s models is one of the major reasons for that. Manet’s â€Å"women fail to sustain the idealisation of the nude, slipping decisively into the embarrassing (for some) terrain of the naked† (Rimanelli, 2005, para. 1). Although the source of Olympia was a classical one, i.e. Titian’s The Venus of Urbino (1538), Manet’s Olympia is distinctly modern and disturbingly naked, stripped of the academic ve neer of classical nudity. T.J. Clark (1984) writes in the chapter of his The Painting of Modern Life: Paris in the Art of Manet and His Followers titled Olympia’s Choice that â€Å"the past was travestied in Olympia: it was subject to a kind of degenerate simian imitation, in which the nude was stripped of its last feminine qualities, its fleshiness, its very humanity, and left as ‘une forme quelconque’- a rubber-covered gorilla flexing its hand above its crotch† (cited in Rimanelli, 2005, para. 2). Before modernism, nudity was considered acceptable only if depersonalized and in a number of particular contexts. Contrary to the acceptable academic nude, Manet’s Olympia â€Å"is a portrait of an individual, whose interesting but sharply characteristic body is placed exactly where one would expect to find it† (Clark, 1972, p. 164). Olympia is placed in a brothel, where viewers would expect to see naked female form in the inappropriate context of paid sex. Courbet’s Origin of the World is even more provocative: a close-up view of female genitalia, with the rest of the woman’s body out of picture, made critics of the day dismiss the painting as a brutal objectification of female figure and therefore as pornographic. The painting was originally planned to be of erotic nature, since it was commissioned by Khalil Bey, a former ambassador and negotiator of the Ottoman Empire retired to Paris, who already owned other Courbet’s works by provocative nature, such as The Turkish Bath and The Sleepers. It look several decades before the artistic and philosophical significance of the painting was acknowledged. Conclusion In Christian art, Jesus and saints were often depicted disrobed to attest that they were not subject to the original sin and therefore unaware of potential sexual implications of their nakedness. While portrayals of unclothes male figures were common, female nudity was less accepted in Christian art, except for the scenes where Virgin Mary is breast-feeding baby Jesus. The situation was reversed in the Renaissance era, when great masters paid a lot of attention to the study and portrayal of the nude. Usually, it was a male artist portraying a female model; however, an important distinction existed between academic nudity and nakedness. It was deemed appropriate to represent figures without clothes only if absence of garments was a natural condition for them, like for Greek and Roman gods and heroes, for examples. Therefore, most nude sculptures and paintings of the period represent nude female form as a goddess. Another distinction between nudity and nakedness originated from the context in which nakedness occurred. If a model was passively posing for an artist in his studio, such nudity was regarded as serving the higher purpose of art. If a naked woman was places in a brothel, like in the case with Manet’s Olympia, such a painting was deemed inappropriate by contemporaries. However, avant-garde artists used nakedness extensively to shock a nd provoke their public. A resurgence of the nude in visual art happened after the sexual revolution of the 1960s, and one of the prominent trends of the subsequent decades was portrayal of naked male body by female artists in an attempt to correct for centuries of unbalanced relations between genders. Bibliography

Electronic Monitoring

Electronic Monitoring INTRODUCTION This research paper will define electronic monitoring, how electronic monitoring works and discuss the advantages and disadvantages. Electronic Monitoring started in 1987. British Columbia, Saskatchewan, Ontario and Newfoundland are the only provinces in Canada that use electronic monitoring (EM), because they were not afraid to embrace the new technology. Electronic monitoring is not a penal sanction, but rather a means to enforcement of nonincarcerative sanctions (Tonry, 179). After the offender has served a period of incarceration and the Provincial Corrections feel the offender is a good candidate he/she may be released on EM. The judge can also make recommendations for the offender to be on EM. The primary purpose of EM is to divert offender from incarceration that can reduce cost, and avoid over-crowding at prisons (Berlin, 77).WHAT IS ELECTRONIC MONITORING a) Definition of Electronic Monitoring The offender wears a bracelet on the wrist, ankle or neck (Berlin, 77) , (which acts as a radio signally device) and this bracelet sends a continuous signal to a receiver in the offender's place of residence (which is attached to the phone) and the phone sends the signal to a computer-processing unit at the Provincial Corrections Facility.TBEC Enduro - Friars Well, Melton Mowbray - 12th O...The computer records the absence or presence of the offender during a designated time period (Goff, 323). Before the offender is released on EM, the Corrections official and offender make a schedule. This schedule makes it possible for the offender to remain at work, school, and to leave his home. During the time he is not at home, there is no signal going to the Provincial Correctional Facility. The offender is in violation when the computer does not receive the confirmation that the offender is at home (Berlin, 77).

Free Essays on The Renaissance Era And It’s Artists

The Renaissance Era and it’s Artists The time known as the Renaissance brought about many changes in the art world. Enlightened ideas and artists paved the way for some of the most famous artists of all time. For centuries, most scholars have agreed that the modern era of human history began with the Renaissance. First, let’s define the word Renaissance. According to the Macmillian School Dictionary, Renaissance means â€Å"a renewal of activity, interest, or enthusiasms about something, rebirth, revival.† This word came from a Latin word rinascere meaning â€Å"reborn†. The Renaissance was a great cultural movement or â€Å"rebirth† that began in Italy during the 14th century. It spread from Italy, it’s â€Å"root†, to France, Germany, England and Spain. One may ask what were they being reborn from. A reason most of the European countries were â€Å"dead† was because of the â€Å"Black Death†, a disease that spread throughout the land, which left many without hope or ambition (Renaissance 232). Another reason for the rise of painting and the arts was because they wanted to recapture that spirit of the Greek and Roman cultures in the own artistic, literary, and philosophic works or art. One god used most often was Venus, the goddes s of love and fertility. Venus is the mother of Cupid, the little god of love (Becket 95). The Renaissance era brought many new techniques to the art world. One of the most important was Perspective. The art of perspective is the representation of solid objects and three-dimensional space according to your optical perception. The laws of perspective are based upon converging lines meeting at a single fixed vanishing point. It also states that objects appear smaller as they recede into the distance. Figure one shows how converging lines create a three-dimensional object (Becket 88-89). The second most noted discovery during this period was the human figure. Medieval artists painted figur... Free Essays on The Renaissance Era And It’s Artists Free Essays on The Renaissance Era And It’s Artists The Renaissance Era and it’s Artists The time known as the Renaissance brought about many changes in the art world. Enlightened ideas and artists paved the way for some of the most famous artists of all time. For centuries, most scholars have agreed that the modern era of human history began with the Renaissance. First, let’s define the word Renaissance. According to the Macmillian School Dictionary, Renaissance means â€Å"a renewal of activity, interest, or enthusiasms about something, rebirth, revival.† This word came from a Latin word rinascere meaning â€Å"reborn†. The Renaissance was a great cultural movement or â€Å"rebirth† that began in Italy during the 14th century. It spread from Italy, it’s â€Å"root†, to France, Germany, England and Spain. One may ask what were they being reborn from. A reason most of the European countries were â€Å"dead† was because of the â€Å"Black Death†, a disease that spread throughout the land, which left many without hope or ambition (Renaissance 232). Another reason for the rise of painting and the arts was because they wanted to recapture that spirit of the Greek and Roman cultures in the own artistic, literary, and philosophic works or art. One god used most often was Venus, the goddes s of love and fertility. Venus is the mother of Cupid, the little god of love (Becket 95). The Renaissance era brought many new techniques to the art world. One of the most important was Perspective. The art of perspective is the representation of solid objects and three-dimensional space according to your optical perception. The laws of perspective are based upon converging lines meeting at a single fixed vanishing point. It also states that objects appear smaller as they recede into the distance. Figure one shows how converging lines create a three-dimensional object (Becket 88-89). The second most noted discovery during this period was the human figure. Medieval artists painted figur...

Business Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Business Ethics - Essay Example The situation is unexplainable. Indeed the new manger requires a lot of patience, inquiry to all procedures, consultations wit all the stakeholders and apt application of all the business ethics. It observable that, the business ethical conduct should be applied without fear or favor. It is expensive for the company to neglect business ethics (STEWART, 2006). The business ethics aspects touch all the sectors of an organization. For instance, the fairness in trading activities, sales practices, internal audit, transparency and fairness in human resource and so many others. Management, transparency in marketing strategies, safety in production process and many others. In essence, the business ethical conduct is a wide area, which includes numerous aspects (SORELL & HENDRY, 2004). However, there are some key departments such as production, which should be given much concentration particularly on the Delectable’s case. This paper intends to analyze the Delectable’s case in form of questions and providing of opinions. It is imperative to not that, the Delectables’case raises numerous questions on the intentions of both the management and employees. Consider the following analysis. Part A 1. What would you do? Would you blow the whistle? As a middle level manager and with the happenings at Delectables, an ethical manager should raise a whistle to unearth the events and behavior practiced by the employees. Indeed the status of Delectables depicts a rotten society that does not care about the welfare of others. Indeed, numerous questions arise when considering this case. The very first question that needs to be answered through a research is the reason as to why Delectables, which commands 35% of the market niche, is facing financial constraints (SNOEYENBOS, ALMEDER & HUMBER, 2001). Despite the competition created by Prince’s fare and the prevailing overall market conditions, there must be other self caused factors for the falling trend of t he this company. Indeed, from the case, it is observable that, the prevailing conditions in the market space contribute partially to the straining trend of Delectables. A fair part of the financial constraints in this company is a product of the self-caused conditions. These conditions have immensely played a role in diminishing the brand and reputation of Delectable’s. Delectables company’s decline falls further indicated in the fall of the stock price. A thorough research should be done to ascertain the appropriate answers to this question. The perceived research however has some indications of the perceived answers (SHAW, 2000). For instance, the company recorded few food safety cases in 2005, but the recent reports from Georgia plant were the manager reported the presence of Salmonella in peanut butter and similar salmonella food poisoning alleged to have been discovered in the Delectables peanut butter chocolate bars is adequate evidence to link the company with t he food salmonella food poisoning. In actual sense, the question that comes out is the reasons why Delectables refused to release the laboratory tests carried out on the alleged presence of the salmonella (SAGEN, 2002). The business ethics and principles do not give room for limited information dissemination on the status of products especially on the safety and health of the consumers. The issue of salmonella food poisoning might be the major cause of the declining of the company’

With reference to new theories of trade, account for the increased Essay

With reference to new theories of trade, account for the increased importance in the last fifty years of intra-industry trade as a component of world trade - Essay Example Theories have been developed to explain the increasing intra-industry trade, including technology based theories, new trade theories and the national competitive advantage. This is the case of decreasing cost of production in an industry in a given country. With the presence of a large population in the country that consumes a given product in the country, the demand for the product locally increases. This forms the large local market for the given product. Consumer preference for a product is mostly influenced by the consumer taste for the product as well as the cultural practice of the given country. With culture, there is a continued demand for the product generation after generation since the culture is passed over from one generation to the next; therefore ensuring a large market for the product locally. As such, the cost of production for the product decreases with increase in demand. This is due to the economies of large scale production that ensures decrease in total cost with increased production especially in manufacturing. With the large local market, the country benefits from economies of scale in production of the particular product. This gives the country a cost advantage in production of the given product, thus leading to price advantage. Pricing the product lower than other countries will see other countries prefer to import the given product than producing it. With culture, there is spread of the market globally from travelling of the people to other countries, thus the need to export the product to other countries. Enhanced transport has seen people travel far and wide to different countries. Consumer taste and preference goes a long way influencing imports in different countries. Creation of free trade will improve on imports in the country to cater for the varying consumer preference (Donnan 2013, p.3). Though there is a locally produced product, visitors in other countries may prefer the same product from their country of origin

Originality and shock value Essay Example for Free

Originality and shock value Essay Dead animals, elephant dung, unmade beds and rice all seem like everyday objects but should we be calling them art? When we were growing up we were taught that art was a beautiful painting like Van Goghs Sunflowers, or a perfect sculpture of a human like Michelangelos David, but we were never really taught that conceptual and contemporary art were proper forms of art, even though it was established in the sixties. It made us think and challenge our own assumptions of what art should really look like. People didnt understand the idea of cows cut in half (Damien Hirst), wire mesh lockers (Mona Hatoum), rubble (Richard Long) or rubbish (Tomoko Takahashi) being called art unless you could frame it nicely on your living room wall. The fact that this type of art didnt fit neatly into peoples ideas of what art should be was the reason it was called conceptual. Conceptual and contemporary art got a huge reaction out of people because they felt conned and marginally embarrassed when, for example, they looked at Martin Creeds light going on and off and didnt get it. They didnt like the fact that they couldnt work out the true meaning of what the artist was trying to get across. It also got a reaction for another reason which was the simplicity of some of the art. Im sure that when all the people who were working long hours every week looked at the well-paid artist Tracey Emins unmade bed they were desperately screaming to themselves, BUT I COULD DO THAT! and thinking whether conceptual art is even worth looking at. Maybe some of us are completely missing the point they are trying to get across. Maybe instead of drowning in the depression of how easy, and perhaps pointless, the art is we should be fresh-eyed and open minded and celebrate the fact that these ideas and possibilites have been opened for us. Maybe thats the point. This art definitely has originality and shock value. Artists dont want to repeat whats been done before in the same way no one wants to hear old jokes. Their use of new technology adds to the quality of some of their work. Using a computer isnt a cop-out of drawing, its just another tool. The originality and shock value go hand-in-hand and afterall, arent those the two things we want when we look at art? We as viewers dont want to stand there looking at something so bland, tasteless and overrated; If we wanted that then we could just as easily stick a slice of bread on the wall and call that art. The artists look for new challenges and ways for us to see their art. This type of art makes us challenge ourselves to find beauty in the everyday things in life. My opinion of Modern Art is a very balanced one because even though some of the examples of conceptual and contemporary art are sometimes ridiculous, they also challenge you to find the true meaning of what it stands for. The shock factor aswell hypnotizes us and keeps our attention locked on the beauty of the art. One thing that fascinates me though is that if artist Chris Ofili paints with elephant dung he is seen as a Turner Prize winning genius, but if I tried to paint with elephant dung would I be seen as an artistic genius? Probably not.

Great Expectations - A Cinderella Story Essay example -- Great Expect

Great Expectations - A Cinderella Story In the profound novel, Great Expectations, written by Charles Dickens, the main character "Pip" is put through many tests that examine the type of man Pip strives to be and the type of man Pip really is. Pip's relationships with two central characters, Tom and Magwitch, are examined closely in this essay, and through these relationships, Pip's character is visible. Great Expectations is, in a sense, a Cinderella story in which Pip's fairy godmother turns out to be a convict running from the law. This "amulet" gives Pip a gift that changes Pip and his life. In the beginning of the novel, Pip is a young boy that lives in an inhospitable home with his older sister and her husband. Although Pip's relationship with his sister is unkind, the relationship Pip develops with her husband is affable. Pip's brother-in-law, Joe, has taken Pip under his wing, and wants to take care of Pip. Critic Christopher Morris writes, "Pip claims to have developed a solicitude for Joe" in the opening of the novel, but later "that claim is everywhere contradicted by his actions." One example that Morris writes of to prove his point is, after Pip learns of the "selfless rational for Joe's acquiescence in Mrs. Joe's government", Pip writes: Young as I was, I believe that I dated a new admiration of Joe from that night. We were equals afterwards, as we has been before: but afterwards, at quiet times when I sat looking at Joe and thinking about him, I had a new sensation of feeling conscious that I was looking up to Joe in my heart. (7, 52)3 Morris* points out the fact, that throughout the novel, this is the only time Pip will regard Joe as his equal. In chapter VIII, Pip is offere... ...ip as a very low person. Later, when Pip began to except Magwhich, he was able to shut the ideas of the man's past out. Their relationship became that of a very strong friendship because they did see each other's faults but chose to ignore them. When a friendship is composed, the two parties have an unspoken agreement to except any flaws the other has. This is much more meaningful than love, because the human will is involved. The outcome of love may seem more important, but there is always the chance a lover will regain their true sight and not be able to accept your faults. In the case of friendship, there is a bond because the other is all ready at ease with your faults, and your bond can only become stronger. * In an article written by Christopher D. Morris, the actions and moral bad faith that the central character, Pip, exhibits are examined.

Cell Phone Technology Essay

The cell phone technology that is ever changing by the day was scientifically invented and born back in the early 1980’s. Science was the main key to the birth of the cell phone which was put together by the Motorola Company who today is still making cell phones. Before the cell phone came out the car phone was the first mobile phone which were very large and had to be hooked up to a briefcase which supplied the power for the mobile phone. Science was the utilized to create the cell phone and today the use of cell phones has brought literature to the palm of our hands. With science as the foundation to the birth of the cell phone technology age has not only brought the birth but has also brought new births of other new technologies. The cell phone is basically a radio and the invention of the cell phone traces back all the way to the radio. As we all know Alexander Bell back in 1876 invented the telephone and shortly after that the radio was invented around 1880 by Nikolia Telsa. Now with science and technology these two were combined to create what we call the cell phone or cellular phone. How stuff works) With science came the cell phone and with continued scientifically research the years bring more technology to the cell phone that would change the world. Professors, cell phone companies, and others use the art and knowledge of past use science to keep building on top of the birth of the cell phone. Scientist and researchers around the world see a successful future in the cell phone industry and jumps on the opportunity that will be one of the fastest growing industries of today. Just after the invention of the cell phone researches begin to work on a smaller and more efficient cell phone as the first one is very inefficient as it requires a large power supply to run the phone. It was impossible to carry around as it only could be used in automobiles due to the large power supply. Not only the power supply was large the actual radio waves used where also not suited to availability for everyone to use as there were at most around 25 available channels per tower, per town. (How stuff works) Researchers begin to use science to begin to make the cell phone industry more efficient and available for everyone. The next step to making the cell phone more available was to start with having more channels to handle all the cell phone conversations. Duplex channels are needed to be used in order for two people to talk to each other at the same time. The next step was figuring out how to increase the amount of available frequencies and how to make them available without confliction. Cell towers were built across cities and each cell tower were available to have up to 56 conversations going at one time. That was still not enough as they forecasted to have more than that as people started to purchase cell phones. The problem with this is that if anyone more that those 56 would not be able to talk with anyone until someone out of the 56 ended. The next scientifically challenge was to make the availability of conversation at a greater number with the use of higher frequencies. (How stuff works) One problem with cell towers is that in the beginning there were not enough cell towers to keep a conversation going when the person on the cell phone was on the move. As a person on a cell phone is on the move through a city it connects itself to the closest cell tower in range and when out of range it connects to the next nearest cell tower. The problem with this is that there were not enough cell towers which created â€Å"dead spots† which we all know as drop calls. Along with insufficient number of towers the cell phone was analog which was known as 1G (1st Generation) cell phones. As cell towers grew more frequencies were needed to grow as well. This brought the first digital cell phone which was considered the 2G (2nd Generation) cell phone. (How stuff works) With the creation of the digital cell phone also brought the availability of more frequencies. With more frequencies more people were able to have conversations at one time for each tower. Each tower carried the same number of frequencies and as the digital phone came in more cell towers were being built. Eventually there would be hundreds of cell towers in each city that would be able to handle the number of people with cell phones. Currently we are now in the 4G (4th Generation) age and with that technology we are able to do things on cell phones that we never thought we could do 30 years ago. Over the year the technology and science of cell phone has grown faster than any other product. The technology has driven the cell phone technology to connections around the world. It has also connected people like no other communication device. People from around the world are now communicating and connecting more to family, friends, and others across the country. Not only are they talking to each other but they are also communicating now with other technology aspects that has grown onto the cell phone age. People are now connecting through the internet using their cell phones and people are now connecting in ways that are changing the world. The biggest technological change in cell phones is text messaging. The cell phone eventually became more than just a radio telephone communication device. We then started to use the cell phone to send text messages like a email message. Businesses around the globe had a big impact on the technology that was built in cell phones technology. Business people around the globe needed to have email communication at all times so then that was integrated into the cell phone. Then came text messaging which was short text messages sent from phone to phone. Text messaging became a big hit as more and more people started to sway towards the text messaging than talking over the phone. When text messaging started T9 was introduced which is predictive texting or others may know it as Text on 9 Keys. (http://www. ask. com/wiki/T9_(predictive_text) This is a program running in the background that automatically predicts the words you are trying to type in a text message. This made it easier and faster to spell out words as it would spell out the word you are trying to type without having to type out the whole word. The creation of texting has not only brought a new way of communicating with others but has also created another problems in results of the creation of texting. A 2008 study by the mobile industry’s trade association CTIA found that among teens ages 13 to 19, 57 percent view their cellphones as key to their social life, and most view texting as a vital feature. † (#34) According to this information it has brought attention that teen drivers are being distracted while driving with cell phone usage and texting. This is creating an upwards in automobile accidents and deaths in this country. â€Å"The California Highway Patrol released a report Wednesday showing that talking on a cellphone while behind the wheel is the leading factor contributing to crashes blamed on inattentive drivers. Furthermore, the US Department of Transportation reports that distracted driving played a role in nearly 6,000 deaths and 500,000 injuries in 2009. † (#34) As you can see in the California Highway Patrol report it shows a growing number of accidents due to text messaging or using cell phone while driving a automobile. The government today is having a hard time reducing the statistics of automobile accidents due to cell phone usage and is looking for a solution to eliminate it. No matter what is done you cannot stop public drivers from using their cell phones in a automobile. A probable solution has come up that may help in reducing the statistics by installing cell phone jammers. When a automobile is in the drive mode a cell phone jammer will activate and prevent anyone in the car from using a cell phone. A person would have to pull to the side of the road and put the automobile into park mode in order to deactivate the cell phone jammer. Then they will be allowed to use their cell phones for any use. This is only a probable solution and it doesn’t sound like a great one but it is something to start off with and hopefully eventually one day it can be sculpted into a real solution.

Business plan Essay

Introduction Selective marketing strategy Most of the small business or businesses seeking to enter into new venture like creative technology seeking to enter the American headphone market will employ select marketing with the main objective being to get higher returns on their marketing investments. To achieve this objective, creative technology should strive hard in knowing their customers in the basis of their origination, who they are and where do their products do well (Homburg, etaal, 2009). Once they have that in mind, then they will try to maximize the best performing market segment, to realize these high returns on investment (ROI). The other vital objective of creative technology is to eliminate the guess works and the wastes involved in new venture and replace them with specific targeted efforts. This will ensure that they reduce on the operating cost and maximize their returns on investment. Also, owing to the luxury nature of the product that Creative Technology is to introduce in the United States market, they should gravitate towards these selective marketing as their product target a very limited population segment. Creative Technology employs this type of marketing to achieve their objectives as this product which they want to engage in is not for everyone and so they want to ensure that the message meets the right consumers and so reflecting in increased sales. Mostly, Creative Technology might include a glossy ad in the magazine and televisions. This is so because most of the population would be uninterested with luxury goods adverts. Moreover, Creative technology should employ tactics to differentiate the product from other brands in their category of products. This entails at classifying a brand as being more superior to other competing brands. This will involve stressing the quality of brand and design on their historical relevance and the longevity of the brand. In this approach, they will strive to paint the other competing products as unreliable, generic as and of a lesser quality than their own headphones (Homburg, etaal, 2009). This will ensure that Creative Technology meets its objectives of high returns on investments. This is so because it will reduce the extra cash and time spent on advertising messages directed towards consumers who may otherwise not be interested in the product. Also in addition to making this product stand out, specialized focus on specific market areas can help in building product’s reputation and ensure that this product has a long term fostered loyalty. Target Market    Creative technology will then employ the tactics of target market selection in order to engage in the market which they are sure that their product will sell. There are two important factors which they should consider in doing this. These include; the attractiveness of the market segment and also how the segment will fit their objectives and resource capabilities (Shaw, E. 2012).. When they are selecting the target market, they should consider the following aspects. The size of the segment; this basically entails to the number of their customers that are in that population. When they ascertain that the segment has a considerable number of people then they can choose to invest in it and the vise versa. The other aspect which they should also consider is the growth rate of the segment. This will help them to determine their future prospect in the market. Also, they should be at a position of determining the level of competition in the population that they want to invest in. this will enable them decide their product in a manner that they will be more appealing than that of their competitors. In doing so, they will also know the loyalty of the customers in the competing brands and hence know the strategy of invading this market segment. In addition they will be at a position of determining the attainable markets share if they got the knowledge of the competitor’s expenditure in promoting their brands. Given the size of the population, they should also ascertain the required market share so as to break even and the profits they expect from the sales in the said segment (Aaker and David, 2008). To obtain this information, market research and analysis is vital for Creative Technology. For instance, buyer intentions, test marketing, sales estimation and analysis in demand is very useful in determination of sales potential. The micro and macro environmental variables on the segment should also be put into consideration (Shaw, E., 2012). It is very important for the Creative Technology to note that larger segments are not advisable for targeting as they will already have more competition. It could be more profitable to invest in two or more small segments with little or no competition. However, if the firm is sure of developing a competitive advantage like patent protection, they can engage in larger market segments. Target Market Strategies There are different marketing strategies that should be employed by Creative technology in their endeavors of choosing a market strategy. These strategies include; Single segment strategy: this strategy is also referred to as concentrated market strategy.Here one market segment is served as opposed to the entire market. It is a strategy which should be employed by smaller firms with little resources. Selective specialization: it is a multiple- segment strategy and is also referred to as differentiated strategy. Different market segment are served with different marketing strategies. Only the promotional message varies with the product not being the same in these markets. Product specialization: In this strategy, the company specializes in particular products that tailored to different market segments Market specialization: here the company will specialize in a single market and serve it with varied products. Creative Technology cannot employ market specialization as it is planning to employ only one product, the headphones. Full market coverage:   Here the organization tries to cover the whole market. It is mostly achieved either through mass marketing where a single undifferentiated market mix is employed to the entire market or by a differentiated strategy in whicha different mix is offered to every segment. Individual marketing strategy: this is a strategy which has been employed recently owing to the technology where market mix is tailored in accordance to the individual consumer (Brian Solis,2011). For the Creative Technology to remain competitive in the market and realize high returns, it should always target a market that matches its capabilities. Once it has gained momentum, then it can expand by embarking on specialization strategy, tailor the product for different markets. Positioning strategy After selecting the target market, the firm will now embark on deciding on how it will position itself in the chosen market segment. Positioning refers to how the firm wants their customers to view their product. It is about effective conveyance of messages to the target market about the firm’s product or service. Position strategy development The first step is to do a market research. The main aim of this is to feel the features of your product that the consumer wants to feel their presence in the target market of your choice. You research the general features and not the features offered by a particular brand for example headphone features by Creative Technology Company. Once you have identified the features which are preferred by your potential customers and their ranking according to your target customers, the then compile a list of product in that target market offering these features. Then draw a map showing not only the features of the product but also the competitors that offer those products with the same features. It is also advisable to place your product in this map too, for comparison purposes. After this you will have a clear picture on where competitors products are positioned in your map in the chosen target market, you can the make an informed decision on where you would like your product to appear on the map. Position strategy development mostly depends on how the firm will position itself. The firm can take a ‘me too’ strategy and position themselves adjacent to the competitor and allow the customers to directly compare the product features or they can choose a strategy positioning themselves away from their competitors. One way of doing this is by offering a feature absent from the competitors’ products that their market research revealed that the consumers in that market rank as vital. Market mix This refers on how the firm, Creative Technology will distribute their headphones to their consumers. They should plan this strategy so as to distribute their products (headphones) to their consumers at the right time and place. Efficient distribution is imperative if the firm is to meet their objectives. If for any reason they underestimate or overestimate the demand, the firm’s profitability will be negatively affected (Borden, Neil,2013). Choosing the Distribution channel There are two available channels of distribution which include direct and indirect distribution channels. Indirect pertains to the distribution where one uses the intermediaries in distribution. For instance, they can sell to the wholesaler who sell to the retailer and then to the end user. Conversely, direct distribution is where the company will be distributing directly to the end users at the right time and place required. It is mostly preferred as it gives the manufacturers direct control over their products. Choosing a distribution strategy Different products are distributed differently and there are three different distribution strategies which can be employed. There is; intensive distribution strategy which is employed in distributing low priced products, exclusive distribution which involves limiting distribution to a single outlet. This strategy is mostly employed in the highly priced product like vehicles and also may require an intermediary (Borden, Neil,2013).. Selective distribution; here a small number of outlet, especially retailers, are chosen for product distribution. If Creative Technology adopts a selective or exclusive strategy, they should choose an intermediary who is well versed with handling these or similar product and is well know by the target consumers.       Planning assumptions Projected cost and sales Financial tracking is a very vital part of any given business plan. In this financial tracking, one should be careful to note that the programme cost not only refers to the cost of the project but also the cost involved in administering this programme itself. Any project, for instance the Creative Technology’s project of venturing into the US market should contain the expected cost and the return or the sales expected from the same. In addition it should show clearly where the project’s resources will be obtained to make sure that it will not fail on the way. The projected sales and cost is the culmination of all the previous section of the business plan as each section will always impact on the cost and sales hence affecting the whole project finance. For it to create accountability, it should show clearly the firm organization structure so that it may indicate who is responsible for what, who will be making decisions regarding productions, legal compliance and financial management. Sensitivity analysis This is a tool which can be used by firms to examine their effects on the net income whe sales levels increase or decrease. These changes against which the sensitivity analysis is done are the unexpected event or the contingencies I outlined in the contingency planning. This analysis will usually centre its process on the ‘what if question’. Mostly these questions are as the following; what would be the firm’s income if it has a sales forecast of 12%, 16% or 34% higher? Also what can be my firm’s net income is the firms forecast a 12%, 16% or 34% lower than the expected (Helton etaal, 2009). Contingency plan Contingencies are events which are not expected or not expected in the firm business plan. So the company must develop a contingency mitigating strategies or plans in order to be prepared for these unexpected outcomes. This is because these events do not arise from time to time and so they must be ready with these plans in case they occur. These plans entail preparing for crises and for unwelcome outcomes in case they occur (British Standards Institution, 2012). This will ensure that the firm will easily recover these unexpected events. It will also ensure that these impacts are minimized. When drawing a contingency plan, the first step is recognizing its need, and then indentifying all the possible scenarios. After this they must know what the consequences of these crises will be. Then assess the degree which might be caused by these eventualities. After they have done all this then the final step is to choose a risk strategy to employ so that they can mitigate these crisis and lastly do a crisis simulation which is testing their plan. (British Standards Institution, 2012) The firm management should also consider the ‘what if’ question where they prepare scenarios which could arise in the business operations. Some of these questions could include: what if the competitors produce a very powerful product with much favorable features in the eyes of the consumers of the target market? What if the firm does not meet its expectations? What if their competitors employ advanced advertisement strategies than the firm? Etc References Baker, Michael The Strategic Marketing Plan Audit 2008. p. Homburg, Christian; Sabine Kuester, Harley Krohmer (2009): Marketing Management – A Contemporary Perspective (1st ed.), London. Marketing basics Marketing strategy based on market needs, targets and goals. Aaker, David (2008) Strategic Market Management Baker, Michael The Strategic Marketing Plan Audit 2008 p. 27 Shaw, E. (2012). â€Å"Marketing strategy: From the origin of the concept to the development of a conceptual framework.† Journal of Historical Research in Marketing, 4(1), 30–55. Pinson, Linda. (2004). Anatomy of a Business Plan: A Step-by-Step Guide to Building Business and Securing Your Company’s Future (6th Edition). Page 20. Dearborn Trade: Chicago, USA. A. Simon, Rational decision making in business organisations, ‘American Economic Review’ Borden, Neil. (2013)â€Å"The Concept of the Marketing Mix†. Brian Solis(2011) Engage!: The Complete Guide for Brands and Businesses to Build, Cultivate, and Measure Success in the New Web, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp.201-202. Koichi Shimizu (2003)†Symbiotic Marketing Strategy,†4th edition, Souseisha Book Company. Intrieri, Charles (10 September 2013).  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Business Contingency Planning†. Flevy. Retrieved 29 September 2013. British Standards Institution (2012). Societal security – Business contigency management Systems – Requirements: London Saltelli, A., Ratto, M., Andres, T., Campolongo, F., Cariboni, J., Gatelli, D. Saisana, M., and Tarantola, S., 2008,  Global Sensitivity Analysis. The Primer, John Wiley & Sons. Campolongo, F., J. Cariboni, and A. Saltelli (2008). An effective screening design for sensitivity analysis of large models.  Environmental Modelling and Software,  22, 1509–1518. Fassà ², Alessandro ()  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Sensitivity Analysis for Environmental Models and Monitoring Networks†. Preprint J.C. Helton, J.D. Johnson, C.J. Salaberry, and C.B. Storlie, 2009, Survey of sampling based methods for uncertainty and sensitivity analysis.  Reliability Engineering and System Safety

Fahrenheit 451 Essays - Fahrenheit 451, Social Science Fiction

Fahrenheit 451 Essays - Fahrenheit 451, Social Science Fiction Fahrenheit 451 Ray Bradbury?s science-fiction novel Fahrenheit 451 has literary elements that strengthen its interpretation. The theme of this novel is the significance of a person?s independent thought. The literary movement of this piece of literature is Romanticism. Through the use of Guy Montag, an emotionally distressed individual who realizes the importance of independent thinking, Fahrenheit 451?s theme and literary movement are better understood. The theme of Fahrenheit 451 is the importance of an individual?s independent thought and the individual?s creative ability. Guy Montag never thought about what he did because he was told what he did was appropriate for society, and also he is happy with his role in society. He felt like that until he met Clarisse McClellan, a 17 year-old girl that society calls a mental case because she questions society. She ?teaches? Montag about the past when society did not fear the firemen. When he talked to the his colleagues they laugh at him because they believe what their handbook says. ?The only action these characters take is to maintain their status quo-the way things are. In contrast, Clarisse, Montag and Faber are individuals who wonder about their world and, in the case of Montag and Faber, are able to make attempts to change things? (Telgen 145).He had been taking the books at some of the midnight runs he had, but never really wanted to find out what is written in them until after he found out that Clarisse died. A person that helped Montag expand his creativity was Professor Faber. He was a man that Montag remembered he had met when he needed someone else?s guidance to do the right thing for himself. Professor Faber tells Montag about how society has depended on technology for many things and that Shah 2 technology threatened the development of the mind. ?In Bradbury?s novel, education?s emphasis on technology leads to a culture where people understand how things are done but never bother to wonder why things are done? (Levy 1314). This type of education does not encourage the persons with unique abilities to look into depth and find a reason for why things are done. ?School is shortened, discipline relaxed, philosophies, histories, languages dropped, English and spelling gradually gradually neglected, finally almost completely ignored. Life is immediate, the job counts, pleasure lies about after work. Why learn anything, save pressing buttons, pulling switches, fitting nuts and bolts (Bradbury 55-6). This is the quote that Captain Beatty, Montag?s boss, said to Montag when Montag was not sure about being a fireman. Novels have many aspects that influence the author in determining the type of plot they should include. The literary movement of Fahrenheit 451 is Romanticism. It has six different characteristics: 1) emphasizes individualism, spontaneity, and freedom from rules; 2) shows a solitary life, not a life in society; 3) shows a belief that imagination is superior to reason; 4) reflects a devotion to beauty; 5) shows a love and worship of nature and fascination with the past, especially with myths and the supernatural; 6) shows a passionate love of country (Donnell 2). Montag emphasizes disposition, whimsical tendency, and salvation from regulations by changing his belief about community after being a fireman for 12 years. ?Bradbury has been called a romantic, and his romanticism often surfaces in the themes he investigates: the conflict between human vitality and spiritless mechanism, between the creative individual and the conforming group,...? (Paradowski 356). Clarisse McClellan and her family showed a life not within the standards of society and also they are people that remain alone and not associate with society. We had some false alarms on the McClellans, when they lived in Chicago. Never found a book. Uncle had mixed records; antisocial. The girl? She was a time Shah 3 bomb. The family had been feeding her subconscious, I?m sure, from what I saw of her school record. She didn?t want to know how a thing was done, but why. (Bradbury 60) What Captain Beatty said about the McClellans proves they were considered outcasts. Professor Faber shows the confidence that imagination is greater to understanding. This was proven by the quote, ?The magic is only in what books say, how they stitched the patches of the universe together into one garment for us? (83). This means that the only things that is needed is the information provided in books that help explain the items that are not explained by the reason. The plot and theme are captured more thoroughly through the use of distinct characters and their points

How to Order Greeting Cards From the White House

How to Order Greeting Cards From the White House The White House Greetings Office will send greeting cards signed by the President of the United States to commemorate special events, accomplishments or milestones free of charge to U.S. citizens. While the existence and basic function of the White House Greetings Office have remained largely unchanged over the years, each new  presidential administration may deal with greeting requests differently. However, the basic guidelines are rarely changed.   To request a greeting card from the President, just follow these guidelines from the White House Greetings Office. Trump Administration As part of the 2017 presidential transition, the White House website team has at least temporarily removed pages referencing the White House Greetings Office, including the online greeting card request form and instructions. Should the Donald Trump administration restore the online request function, the details will be posted here.  Ã‚   Alternatively, greeting cards signed by the President can be requested through the offices all U.S. Representatives and Senators. For details, either contact their offices or refer to the â€Å"Constituent Services† section of their websites. How to Submit Requests There are currently two  ways to request a presidential greeting: Requests may be submitted through the Constituent Services function of one of the U.S. Senators or U.S. Representatives from your state.Requests can also be mailed, at least six weeks in advance of the event to: White House, 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue, Washington, D.C. 20500. Guidelines for Submitting Requests U.S. Citizens Only:  The White House will send greetings to United States citizens only, for special occasions as outlined below. Advance action required:  Your request should be received at least six (6) weeks in advance of the event date. (Greetings are generally not sent after the event date, except for wedding congratulations and newborn acknowledgments.) Anniversary greetings: Anniversary greetings will be sent to couples who are celebrating a 50th, 60th, 70th or later wedding anniversary. Birthday greetings: Birthday greetings will be sent only to people turning 80 or older or veterans turning 70 or older. Other greetings: A limited number of special occasions other than birthdays and anniversaries exist for which the Greetings Office will send appropriate recognition to United States citizens. These occasions include important life events such as: Wedding (Do not  send your request until after the wedding.)Babys birth or adoption of a childRetirement after at least 30 years on the same jobEagle Scout AwardGirl Scout Gold AwardBar/Bat Mitzvah or equivalent religious occasion Required information: Please include the following in your request. Name and home address of honoree(s)Form of address (Mr., Ms., Mrs., Dr., Miss, etc.)Exact date of occasion (month, day, year)Age (birthdays) or number of years of marriageYour (the requestors) name and daytime phone numberAny specific mailing instructions if other than to honorees addressWedding (Include couples married names and current or new address) How Long Will it Take? Typically, signed greeting cards should arrive within six  weeks after being requested. The White House Office requires that requests be made at least six weeks before the date of the event to be commemorated. However, actual delivery times can vary greatly and requests should always be submitted as far in advance as possible. For example, at one point during the first term of the Obama administration, the Greetings Office announced it was â€Å"swamped† with requests and stated that it could take â€Å"several months† for requests to reach the Greetings Office and be mailed out. So, in all cases and no matter whos in the White House, the best advice is to plan ahead and order early.